Classification of Retail Operations - 615 Words

BSM 302 PRINCIPLE OF MARKETING ASSIGNMENT 4 CLASSIFICATION OF RETAIL OPERATIONS ____________________________________________________________ ____ CLASSIFICATION OF RETAIL OPERATIONS OWNERSHIP Retailers can be broadly classified by form of ownership; independent, part of chain, or franchise outlet. Retailers owned by a single person or partnership and not operated as part of a larger retail institution are independent retailers. Around the world, most retailers are independent, operating one or a few stores in their community. Local florists, shoe stores, and ethnic fooed markets typically fit this classification. Chain stores are owned and operated as a group by a single organization. Under this form of ownership, many†¦show more content†¦For example, target carries automotive supplies, household cleaning products, and pet food. Typically, though, it carries only four or five brands of dog food. In contrast, a specialty sore, such as Petsmart, may carry as many as 20 brands in large variety of flavours, shapes, and, sizes. Other retailers, such as factory outlet stores, may carry only part of a single line. Nike stores sell only certain items of its ow n brand. Discount specialty stores like Home Depot and Rack Room Shoes carry a broad assortment in concentrated product lines, such as building and home supplies or shoes. PRICE Price is a fourth way to position retail stores. Traditional department stores and specialty stores typically charge the full â€Å"suggested retail price†. In contrast, discounters, factory outlets, and off-price retailers use low prices as a major lure for shoppers. The last column in Exhibit 12.2 shows the typical gross margin – how much the retailer makes as a percentage of sales after the cost of goods sold is subtracted. The level of margin and the price level generally match. For example, a traditional jewellery store has high prices and high gross margins. A factory outlet has low prices and low gross margins. Markdowns on merchandise during sale periods and price wars among competitors, in which stores lower price on certain items in an effort to win customers, cause gross margins to decline. When Wal-Mart entered the grocery business in a smallShow MoreRelatedThe Development Of Retail Chains1188 Words   |  5 Pagesan International retailer would apply these today? The development of retail chains as retailers sought to increase their buying power. The early exponents of this process were the consumer co-operatives and during this stage most chains, including the co-ops were organized on a regional basis within a coun-try. This was followed by the emergence of national retail chains with large market shares. The development of large retail formats. The emergence of these formats across Europe coincided withRead MoreService Management Essay1084 Words   |  5 Pagescharacteristics of a service operation. Discuss the insights obtained from a strategic classification of services. Discuss the role of a service manager from an open-systems view of service. An Integrated Approach to Service Management The Eight Components †¢ Product Elements †¢ Place, Cyberspace, and Time †¢ Promotion and Education †¢ Price and Other User Outlays + Process + Productivity and Quality + People + Physical Evidence Require the Integration of Marketing, Operations, and Human Resources Read MoreBusiness Systems And Process / Operations Management1646 Words   |  7 PagesBSS001-2 Business Systems and Process/Operations Management ASSIGNMENT – INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT (Databases) I. A Database is a collection of information that is organized so that it can be easily accessed, updated and managed. Databases can be classified in order to the type of the content: full-text, bibliographic, images and numeric. For any organisation a database in needed to track information about people, clients, including people who support or who might support their programs and servicesRead MoreLife1340 Words   |  6 Pages19.2.2013 Ð ³. The fundamentals ! STRATEGIC RETAIL MANAGEMENT TYPES OF ENVIRONMENT ï‚ § Retail institution types vary based on retail characteristics such as products, scale of operation, and mix of store attributes. The primary retail institution types are as follows: ï‚ § Department store, discount store, and specialty store. ï‚ § According to the U.S. Bureau of Census classifications of product developed in1924, product categories were named based on the retail institution type where they were displayedRead MoreReview On Real Property Valuation Practice1406 Words   |  6 Pagesrecreational property and should be included in the residential classification. Hunting or fishing camp owned by an individual or a group of individuals is a recreational property. These properties should be included in the residential classification provided a fee is not charged to the users of the property. A single housing unit or single structure consisting of four or less subunits is generally included in the residential classification. Houses used as bed and breakfast establishments are sometimesRead MoreBusiness: Inventory and Safety Stock816 Words   |  4 Pagesstock) is a term used by  logisticians  to describe a level of extra stock that is maintained to mitigate risk of  stockouts(shortfall in raw material or packaging) due to uncertainties in supply and demand. Adequate safety stock levels permit business operations to proceed according to their plans.[1]  Safety stock is held when there is uncertainty in the demand level or  lead time  for the product; it serves as an insurance against stockouts. Order Quantity: 3. Discuss the disproportionate riskRead MoreFedex Process Strategy Essay644 Words   |  3 PagesAmerica, and less-than-truckload (LTL) carrier FedEx Freight hauls larger shipments. FedEx Office stores offer a variety of document-related and other business services and serve as retail hubs for other FedEx units. (Hoover, n.d.) I will discuss the process strategies I think FedEx is using in its business operations as well as the location of the company’s headquarters and the benefits to being located there. In reviewing the four types of process strategies; it seems that FedEx uses a combinationRead MoreTaking a Look Inside Kohls Corporation Essay1289 Words   |  6 Pages(pg. 9) In the same year, the British American Tobacco’s Brown Williamson Industries (BATUS) purchased 80% of the Kohls’ two operations. Six years later, BATUS proceeded to purchase what remained of Kohl’s. In the early 1980s, BATUS decided that â€Å"Kohl’s discount image did not fit in with BATUS’s other retail operations† and decided to ultimately separate the two operations in order to put them up for sale (pg. 9). The president and chief executive officer at the time, William Kellogg, â€Å"and two otherRead MoreMarket Analysis : Supply Chain Network1741 Words   |  7 PagesRetailers always aim for broader product variety , best profitable selling price and lower cost (Hubner and Kuhn, 2012) and are growing vertically by encompassing more logistical functions (Fernie et al., 2010). In this volatile economic environment, retail industries are experiencing with some supply chain issues such as complexity in supply chain network, less practice of effective CSR, waste management, technology upturns and sustainable supply issue etc. These issues are being considering solemnlyRead More3.1 Status Of The Retail Market In Bangladesh . Retail984 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Retail Market in Bangladesh Retail trade is a traditional business in Bangladesh. Its expansion is keeping pace with the country’s population growth and changes in consumption patterns consistent with economic growth. This expansion has not been structurally organized. Until recently, retail had never been perceived as an industry, but rather as an individual or family business with a very limited scope for organized expansion. Little to no market information is available on the retail sector

Essay about Television as We Know it Today - 1035 Words

Television as We Know it Today The Power Rangers, RoadRunner, Bugs Bunny and Yo Sammity Sam. What do all of these have in common? They are all shows upon which we build our child’s playtime. You sit your child in front of the television for hours at a time. They stair at the screen with glossy eyes and total amazement. Yet what is it that they are learning from these shows? It is the hidden message of violence and dysfunction, which keeps children entertained. If you look at all of the shows, which I have mentioned above, they seem to have a common theme. Violence. Whether this message is intended or not is another issue, however, the violence is there. The Power Rangers for example, their mission is to save the planet from†¦show more content†¦More and more children are committing acts of rage and terror. Why do we fear our youth, the future of our society, our tomorrow? Our children have been given notions of immortality in an otherwise mortal world. Even if it is n ot always the direct cause to their violence it has helped them to accept violence due to the manner and frequency of which it is presented to them. They view it on a daily basis; it is available 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Look back to the recent attack of Columbine. A small school which no one had ever heard of, until April 20, 1999, when 12 children and 1 teacher, lost their lives. (www.geocities.com/dreampackers) This is not to say that there aren’t many other stronger sources to blame, however, such violence has not always been a prominent issue. Violence in our society has increased. This is greatly due to how common violence has become in everyday life. Television exposes us to violence as being humorous, glamorous, thrilling, and above all else entertaining. Before the widespread use of television there was not such a great extent to the violent acts which children committed. Television was not created to have such a dramatic impact on our society. It was not cre ated to change our personal image, our moral standards or even our perception of reality. Rather it was set forth to keep us entertained on our spare time; passing along information,Show MoreRelatedThe Phenomenon Of Reality Television941 Words   |  4 Pagesphenomenon of Reality Television† GENERAL PURPOSE: To present new information SPECIFIC PURPOSE: To inform my audience about the history of reality television, the types of reality television, how popular it has become in our world today, and the negative and positive effects of reality television. THESIS/CENTRAL IDEA: There is so much more to reality television than meets the eye. INTRODUCTION I. HOOK: Just imagine. You’re sitting on your couch flipping through the channels on your television. You noticeRead MoreEssay on The Chemistry behind our Television Sets1084 Words   |  5 Pagesthat everyone knows of would be the television. Without chemistry, there would be no technology; and without technology, we would not be where we are today. Before television was invented people tried to find different ways to entertain themselves. One bizarre thing people used the do was to attend surgeries for entertainment. They found surgery to be very interesting and thrilling so they watched for their entertainment, almost like a TV show but in real life. Before television was invented newsRead MoreMy Pop Culture Research Topic1250 Words   |  5 PagesMy Pop Culture Research Topic The research topic that I chose to work on is television. I chose this specific topic for various reasons. One reason why I decided to discuss the television subject because for one, it truly has a massive effect on the masses of people, especially when it comes to certain cultures. For instance, the black communities. Reality TV shows such as Love and Hip Hop and Basketball Wives, for example, has a huge affect on black guys and girls alike, especially black femalesRead MoreMedias Influence of Society Essay1137 Words   |  5 Pageslost your television, your radio, and your phone won’t get reception and your computer wouldn’t turn on. You’ve lost your music, your favorite TV show, your Facebook and lots more. As you can see the media is very important and popular. The media has been a popular creation throughout the decades. As time passed the media develops from magazines to the television to the internet. The media in our society is everywhere. We see it ever ywhere from the time we wake up until we go to sleep. We wake up,Read More Televisions Impact on Young Teens Essay1694 Words   |  7 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With the ever growing world of mass media becoming more accessible to our children, we must realize the effect television has on the youth of today. The views and images portrayed on television go right to the heart of American youth. Young men and women are being taught that being over weight or not being skinny enough means that you are unattractive and lazy. The ideal female body which television portrays as being normal has gone from the voluptuous figure of Marilyn Monroe and Mimi VanDorenRead MoreThe Influence of Technology on American Families Essay1023 Words   |  5 Pages When there are more television sets than members of a household under one roof, it is obvious that technology and media has greatly effected the contemporary American family. There are many forces and pressures that help to shape the American family that we all see, as well as, are a part of today. Technology and media has brought us very far as a country, but has also inflicted upon norms of yesterday. Technology is growing now just as fast as ever before and families are constantly changingRead MoreReality Television Programs Essay676 Words   |  3 Pagesworld have discovered that so called â€Å"Reality Television† programs are the key to maximising viewer bases and therefore profits. It is undisputed that Reality Television makes money. This has resulted in immense amounts of these programs being plastered across our screens. While these programs line the pockets of producers and companies, they are not necessarily beneficial to their audiences and the society we live i n. Reality Television programs of today promote schadenfreude, which is â€Å"the joy orRead MoreEssay about Technology Helpful or Hurtful653 Words   |  3 PagesTechnology; Helpful or Hurtful? Everyday we hear about the astounding technological advances discovered year after year. Thirty years ago, who would have thought that we would soon be able to communicate with a person half way around the world through a computer? The possibilities of technology are endless and beyond belief, but are these possibilities always beneficial in society, or are they causing more harm then help? Authors Pete Hamill, Grant Fjermedal and Roger Rosenblat take a look atRead MoreFahrenheit 4511583 Words   |  7 Pagestime we live in, filled with new technology and designs to help make our lives better. As wondrous and beautiful as it appears to be, there lies a certain amount of danger that can be nearly as seductive as it is deadly. The beauty often lies behind commercialism, materialism and capitalism. This seductiveness creeps in and brings anguish and chaos in our society, a place where popular culture flourishes. It is far easier to live a life of seclusion and illusion, a life where television is one’sRead MoreAmusing Ourselves For Death : Public Discourse On The Age Of Show Business, By Neil Postman1495 Words   |  6 Pagesreaders easily. Postman proposes that the public, without recognizing it, is losing its â€Å"autonomy, maturity, and history†. His thesis is that television is changing the way people interact by putting all public rhetoric into on-screen entertainment. He suggests that risks are high if the public does not notice television changing the publics view and that we need to try and regain control over it. First, Postman’s anger towards the way news is televised under the media-metaphor is presented in his

Journal Of Studies International Education -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: What Are The Underlying Causes Behind The Challenges And Hurdles Faced By The International Students In Australia? What Are The Possible Strategies, Which Can Be Taken By The Universities In Order To Reduce The Problems Considerably? What Can Be Done By The Government Of The Country In This Respect? What Are The Roles Of The Society And The Residents Of The Country In Combating The Situations? Answers: Introduction Education has over the years, remained one of the primary necessities of human life, after essentials for survival like food, clothing and shelter. Education not only augments the skills and knowledge of individuals, but also adds to their standard of living by opening new doors of opportunities for them in terms of better employment scopes and income generation. However, not all nations across the world provide educational frameworks of equal quality and prospects, which makes many able and deserving candidates to migrate to different corners of the world in search of opportunities of higher education and skill development, which can help them in building a shining career and long-term sustainability for themselves (Bano 2015). Of the few countries, which are considered, to have the most efficient and career-oriented educational framework in the contemporary period, Australia is an eminent one, which in turn is reflected in the huge number of international students, migrating to the country every year, with the hope of attaining higher education in the country. Due to the benefits and career prospects, which the educational system of the country provides, this huge pool of students, especially Asian students come down to the country (Shah and Sid Nair 2013). However, along with the wide ranges of opportunities, which the educational system of the country provides, the international students are also subjected to several challenges in their everyday process of survival in the country, itself. Taking this into account the concerned project tries to explore and critically analyze the opportunities as well as the challenges, which are usually faced by the international students who migrate to Australia for attaining educational degrees. Project Objective Based on the above discussion, the primary research objectives of the project, on which the path of analysis and interpretation would depend, are as follows: To explore the phenomenon of huge migration of international students in the country, the reasons behind this migration and the general traits prevailing among the population of international students To explore opportunities which can be availed by these students and for which they come to study in Australia To analyze and interpret challenges and hurdles faced by these students while pursuing education in Australia To design feasible strategic recommendations which can be useful, if implemented, to combat the hurdles and challenges faced by the international student in the country, thereby maximizing their welfare Project Scope In the present competitive global scenario, to stay ahead in the race of career building and attaining financial stability, it is of crucial importance to have a robust academic background. With the cognition and expansion of different academic domains and overlapping of the same, there arise huge career opportunities from these domains. In this context, Australia does provide huge opportunities for the international students to come and explore their options of pursuing a vast range of educational opportunities for a better future. However, the international students also face huge complications regarding accommodations and adjustments in the inherent cultural environment if the country. The issues, which make pursuing education in the country difficult for them, hamper not only the students but also the economic prosperity and goodwill of the country as a whole. The project, exploring this domain, provides ample scopes of studying these issues of concern and the barriers or dispari ties, which are present in the educational framework and the casual factors working behind the same. It also provides the opportunities to develop possible recommendations, which can be useful in this aspect. Literature Review In general, international students are those who migrate to countries other than their native countries for pursuing any academic course or degree from an educational institution of the foreign country. Australia, in this context, is the third largest service provider in this domain. According to the empirical evidences, in almost all the major Universities of the country almost half of the students are comprised of the non-English speaking population. Campbell (2012) argues that the country earns an annual profit of 22.4 billion AUD from the inflow of migrating students in the country, which has increased by 15% in the last few years. Ng (2012) with the help of empirical evidences, finds the international population of student in the country to be primarily consisting of students from China (30%), India (11%) and Malaysia, Nepal and Vietnam (4%). Opportunities for the international students As asserted by McLean (2012), the spectacular economic growth of the country over the last few decades and the booming industrial and commercial sector of the country have resulted in creation of a host of professional opportunities in the country. This in turn can be attributed as the primary cause behind the migration of students from all parts of the world in the country. Augmenting the views of the former author, Arnove, Torres and Franz (2012), in their working paper, argues that another underlying reason behind the huge global attention on the academic sector of the country is that of the top 100 universities in the global framework, according to the QS ranking, seven belongs to the country itself. The authors also highlights the presence of a hugely diversified courses which the academic institutions of the country offers, including engineering, medicine, nursing, technical trainings, sports disciplines, which provide huge career opportunities to the students who pursue these courses from the globally renowned institutions of the country. Along with the above assertions of the eminent efficient scholars, which talk about the opportunities and the potential scopes that attract international students from all part of the world to the educational sector of Australia, the views put forward by Altbach (2015) can also be counted. According to him, the universities in Australia not only provides best coursework for building career in corporate environment, but also facilitates research and academic careers due to the presence of a highly research-intensive culture. The empirical evidences put forward by Pollard and Wilson (2013), shows that the upsurge of the automobile, infrastructure, automobile and IT industries in the contemporary period increases the scope of those students who pursue higher education in the country. Apart from the career incentives, the amiable and student friendly societies in the country and the integrating and inclusive culture of the country, as stated by Wenhua and Zhe (2013), can also be considered as crucial contributors to the opportunities for the international students, thereby attracting them from all corners of the world. As per the assertions of the authors, the societal structure and mindsets of the residents of the country, facilitates in easy acculturation of diverse global students, thereby making them comfortable to live in the country. Parker (2012), also argues that the Australian universities offer promising and higher than standard scholarships to many of these international students who come to pursue higher degrees in the country. Apart from that, the robust technological and infrastructural framework in the country, provides huge prospects for science, medicine and technology oriented research, adding to the benefits of both the students and the economy as a whole. Gribble (2014), also points out at the presence of large opportunities of the international students to start their professional life, at least temporarily in the country, post completion of their academic coursework, which also adds to the privileges, which attract the international student to pursue higher studies in the country. Apart from that, the cost of living in the country, according to Harrison and Ip (2013), is much less than the other developed countries having similar educational opportunities, like that of the United Kingdom or the US A. The consistent industrial boom and a consequent increase in the scopes of employment also add on as opportunities for international students, thereby attracting them to the country, over the years. Challenges faced by international students However, clubbed with the myriad of opportunities present for the international students in the country, comes several disadvantages, hurdles and challenges which the students coming from all parts across the global have to face while studying in the country. Walters (2012), argues that one of the primary hurdles faced by the international students in the country is that of the language barrier, since most of these students are not English speaking. This also forces the academic assessors to go soft on the marking procedures. However, this relaxation being not present in the professional domain, these students face immense problems when they step into their professional lives. Volet and Ang (2012), highlights the presence of immense cultural differences as one of the hindering factors. This is especially true for the Asian students who face the conflict between the Western cultures in the country and traditional way of living they are usually accustomed to. Apart from these, the existence of financial aspects is brought forward by Yusoff (2012), according to whose opinion, the cost of education borne by undergraduate international students without scholarships in as high as 29,235 AUD, while the cost of the same for the domestic students vary from 0 to 6,349 AUD on an average. The problem of adaptation to the highly different educational framework is pointed out by Gomes et al. (2014), which poses as a hurdle in this aspect. Jackson (2013), highlights one of the considerably serious challenges faced by the international students in the country as the problem of bullying and acute racisms which they are frequently subjected to, the percentage of victims being as high as 37%. This, together with the above-discussed problems, indicates towards the scope of improvements in the educational framework of the country and calls for efficient government intervention. Gap in Literatures However, in spite of the presence of robust literary works regarding the opportunities, which the Australian education system provides to the international students and the challenges, which they face in the process, there remains a gap in the aspect of designing proper strategies and measures to rule out the problems and hurdles. The role of the government and the potential of the same in this process are also not found to be extensively discussed in the existing literatures. Addressing these issues can, however help considerably in combating the situations and hurdles faced by the international students in the contemporary period. Research Design and Methodology For carrying out the concerned research, it is of crucial importance to design the research framework properly and incorporate relevant methods for the purpose of data collection, analysis and interpretation. Taking this into consideration, the research intends to incorporate both the quantitative as well as the qualitative research methods to make the finding and interpretations robust and relevant (Kumar 2014). Quantitative Method Keeping the advantage of quantitative methods in interpreting big numerical data in concern, the research proposes to conduct interviews with the international students (undergraduate and postgraduate) in five of the most eminent Australian universities. The possible questions, which are expected to be included in the questionnaire includes the following: Cost of the academic coursework (Undergraduate and Postgraduate) Scholarship (If any) received by them Other expenses How often the students face bullying and racism issues How safe they feel in the campus Any government regulation or program which benefits them or makes studying in Australia easier The collected data is to be analysed and interpreted with the help of statistical softwares like Stata or SPSS. Qualitative Methods Often the ordinal yet crucial information are missed out in quantitative analysis, which leads to biased or distorted analysis (Liamputtong 2013). To avoid the same, the research proposes to conduct in depth interviews with 30 international students (3 undergraduate and 3 postgraduate from each of the five selected universities) and focused group discussions with the international students from these universities covering the following issues: Their personal perceptions of opportunities which they are getting here Their personal perceptions of obstacles they are facing Detailed descriptions of bullying or racist incidents faced by them (if any) How they suggest to remove these problems Research Limitations While the proposed research has the potential to cover several critical issues regarding the challenges faced by the international students in Australia and to recommend the way outs to the problems, the domain of exploration for the same is restricted. Due to time and cost constraints the research proposes to base the data collection among the students only, which leaved the threat of losing out important information and perceptions of other people in the society who are directly or indirectly related to the problem discussed in the project. Time Schedule The proposed time schedule of the different parts of the research project is as follows: Project Milestone Task Mode Task Name Duration Start Finish 1 Research Ideation 1 day Tue 1/16/18 Tue 1/16/18 2 Literature Review 4 days Tue 1/16/18 Fri 1/19/18 3 Research Design 2 days Fri 1/19/18 Sat 1/20/18 4 Data Collection 6 days Sun 1/21/18 Fri 1/26/18 5 Data Interpretation 2 days Sat 1/27/18 Mon 1/29/18 6 Publication of the Data 2 days Tue 1/30/18 Wed 1/31/18 The Gantt chart of the proposed research activities (Source: As Created by the author) Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be asserted that Australia poses as one of the prospective countries for migration of international students over the last few decades, much of which can be attributed to the educational and professional prospects, which the country offers to the students. With the hope of a shining career, huge numbers of students migrate to the country every year, contributing significantly to the economic prospects of the country. However, there remain several problems and hurdles, which are faced by the students in adapting and surviving in the country while pursuing their higher studies. The concerned research proposes to consider these issues and discuss their causal factors, impact and tries to recommend the strategies, which can be feasibly implemented in order to eradicate these problems. References Altbach, P., 2015. Perspectives on internationalizing higher education.International Higher Education, (27). Arnove, R.F., Torres, C.A. and Franz, S. eds., 2012.Comparative education: The dialectic of the global and the local. Rowman Littlefield Publishers. Bano, A., 2015. Importance of Education.IJB,2(6), pp.48-50. Gomes, C., Berry, M., Alzougool, B. and Chang, S., 2014. Home away from home: International students and their identity-based social networks in Australia.Journal of International Students,4(1), pp.2-15. Gribble, C., 2014. Employment, work placements work integrated learning of international students in Australia.International Education Association of Australia, Research Digest,2. Harrison, G. and Ip, R., 2013. Extending the terrain of inclusive education in the classroom to the field: International students on placement.Social Work Education,32(2), pp.230-243. Jackson, D., 2013. The contribution of work-integrated learning to undergraduate employability skill outcomes.Asia-Pacific Journal of Cooperative Education,14(2), pp.99-115. Kumar, R., 2014.Research methodology: A step-by-step guide for beginners. Sage. Liamputtong, P., 2013.Qualitative research methods. McLean, I.W., 2012.Why Australia prospered: The shifting sources of economic growth. Princeton University Press. Parker, L.D., 2012. From privatised to hybrid corporatised higher education: A global financial management discourse.Financial Accountability Management,28(3), pp.247-268. Pollard, V. and Wilson, E., 2013. The Entrepreneurial Mindset in creative and performing arts higher education in Australia.Artivate: A Journal of Entrepreneurship in the Arts,3(1), pp.3-22. Shah, M. and Sid Nair, C., 2013. Private for-profit higher education in Australia: widening access, participation and opportunities for public-private collaboration.Higher Education Research Development,32(5), pp.820-832. Volet, S.E. and Ang, G., 2012. Culturally mixed groups on international campuses: An opportunity for inter-cultural learning.Higher education research development,31(1), pp.21-37. Walters, C., 2012. International students--returning their investment Australia's reform program for international education.The landscape for policy makers and practitioners in tertiary education, pp.71-82. Wenhua, H. and Zhe, Z., 2013. International Students'adjustment Problems At University: A Critical Literature Review.Academic Research International,4(2), p.400. Yusoff, Y.M., 2012. Self-efficacy, perceived social support, and psychological adjustment in international undergraduate students in a public higher education institution in Malaysia.Journal of Studies in International Education,16(4), pp.353-371.

Three Waves Of Ska Essays - Jamaican Music, Ska, Rocksteady, Reggae

Three Waves of Ska Music is one medium through which a generation can express itself. For a generation of suppressed, restless, working-class youths living in early 1960's Jamaica, this voice was a genre of music known as ska. Since its original appearance, ska has resurfaced twice. Ska music has been presented to three generations of fans in three separate "waves." Its humble beginnings lead to one of the most influential styles of music present in the world. By 1962, Jamaica was no longer under British rule. Jamaican culture and music began to reflect the new found optimism in its independence. Since the early 1940's, Jamaica had adopted and adapted many forms of American musical styles. The predominantly black inhabitants of Jamaica took a liking to rhythm and blues music (Davis and Simon 38), and with imported American records, "enterprising businessmen attempted to string up small sound systems consisting of radio, turntable, and independent speaker boxes" (Davis and Simon 38). These portable sound systems provided entertainment at dance halls. Owners of different sound systems competed against each other at the halls. The sound systems were run by two individuals, the deejay and the selector, dressed in "spangled waistcoats, black leather Dracula capes, imitation ermine robes, Lone Ranger masks, and rhinestone-studded crowns" (White 4). The deejay job was to introduce each record and to enhance the rhythm of the music! by chanting along with the record. Selectors chose records and used the controls to increase or decrease bass, treble, or volume. Musicians picked up on the elements of the rhythm and blues and combined it with traditional Jamaican mento music. The result was the first wave of ska. Musically, ska is "a shuffle-rhythm close to mento but even closer to the backbeat of the r&b, with the accent on the second and fourth beats, often moving in a 12-bar blues-frame. The afterbeat, strummed by a rhythm guitar or played on the piano . . . came to be characteristic of the form" (Davis and Simon 38). A horn section, usually consisting of trumpets, trombones, and saxophones, was vital to the music. Skilled musicians began to team up. Classic bands, such as the Skatalites, were formed and backed up vocal groups and singers. The Wailers (including Bob Marley, Peter Tosh, and Bunny Livingston), Desmond Dekker, the Maytals, and Laurel Aitken were the most popular performers at the time. Songs written about Trench Town (the ghettoes), rude boys (street thugs), and about romance were prevalent, however, religious themes could also be found in the songs. In 1965, the Skatalites disbanded, and slowly ska transformed into another type of music, rock steady. Rock ste! ady is more dependent on the rhythm, provided by the bass guitar and drums, than ska was. For the meantime, ska took a backseat to the new styles sweeping the country. After ska had been developed in Jamaica, it was "exported" by artists traveling to Great Britain. There it was known as "blue beat." By the mid 1970's, early British punk bands were infusing reggae, a style of music that came from rock steady, into their music. Near the end of the decade, bands began to use ska instead of reggae because of its upbeat, danceable rhythm. This faster paced ska came to be known as 2 tone. One of the messages of 2 tone ska was the promotion of racial harmony. One of the symbols of 2 tone was a cartoon character named Walt Jabsco, a man in a black suit, white shirt, black tie, sunglasses, pork pie hat, white socks and black loafers. The use of black and white in the drawing was supposed to symbolize the peaceful coexistence of different races. As Strauss noted, "The attitude of ska music has always been one of having fun in the face of oppression, as encapsulated in a warning made famous by the Jamaican legend Prince Buster: 'Enjoy yourself! . It's later than you think.'" (n. pag.). The third wave of ska began around 1990 in America. Bands influenced by the 2 tone ska scene began to use more punk and metal music. The combination is much faster than 2 tone, and sounds very different from the original Jamaican brand of ska. The sound has transformed much since its